About Book

Climatology, the study of climate, is no longer regarded as a single discipline that treats climate as something that fluctuates only within the unchanging boundaries described by historical statistics. The field has recognized that climate is something that changes continually under the influence of physical and biological forces and so, cannot be understood in isolation but rather, is one that includes diverse scientific disciplines that play their role in understanding a highly complex coupled "whole system" that is the earth's climate. Climatology studies the climate patterns of a defined area over a period of time while meteorology studies change in atmospheric pressure and precipitation in order to predict and forecast the weather. It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. The book discusses topics related to satellite climatology, meteorology, hydrometeorology, evapotranspiration, seawater salinity, tropical cyclone, measurements and scintillometry. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of these fields are examined in detail. It will be of great help to students and researchers in the fields of Earth sciences, climatology and physical geography. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of climatology. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Introductory Chapter: An Introduction to Topics in Hydrometeorology......................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

Chapter 2 Applications of GNSS Slant Path Delay Data on Meteorology at Storm Scales.................................................................................................5

Abstract...................................................................................................5

1. Introduction............................................................................................5

2. Using SPD to monitor hazardous convection.................................9

3. Data assimilation of SPD at storm scale........................................16

4. Summary...............................................................................................22

Chapter 3 Assessment and Prediction of Evapotranspiration Based on Scintillometry and Meteorological Datasets......................................28

Abstract ................................................................................................28

1. Introduction..........................................................................................29

2. Materials and methods......................................................................31

3. Results and discussion .....................................................................37

4. Conclusion............................................................................................49

Appendix A. Supplementary data...................................................49

Chapter 4 Satellite Climatology of Tropical Cyclone with Concentric Eyewalls.......................................................................................................54

Abstract.................................................................................................54

1. Introduction..........................................................................................55

2. Data and methodology......................................................................57

3. Structural and intensity change of concentric eyewall................60

4. The relationship between CE TC and ENSO................................67

5. Summary and conclusions................................................................72

Acknowledgements.............................................................................74

Chapter 5 Multiscale Meteorological Systems Resulted in Meteorological

Tsunamis.....................................................................................................78

Abstract.................................................................................................78

1. Introduction..........................................................................................79

2. Resonant and amplifying mechanisms of the meteorological

tsunami..................................................................................................80

3. Meteorological tsunami in the world ocean..................................83

4. Mesoscale convective systems..........................................................87

5. Pressure jump of Nagasaki 1979 ‘Abiki’ event.............................89

6. Atmospheric gravity waves in the troposphere............................92

7. Discussion and conclusion: the predictability of meteorological

tsunami..................................................................................................95

Chapter 6 Measurements and Observations of Meteorological Visibility

at ITS Stations.........................................................................................101

1. Introduction........................................................................................101

2. Objectives............................................................................................103

3. Background on meteorological visibility......................................104

4. Detection and characterization of safety-critical visibility

ranges..................................................................................................105

5. Monitoring of meteorological visibility........................................111

6. Outcome..............................................................................................119

7. Potential applications.......................................................................120

8. Conclusion and perspectives..........................................................121

Chapter 7 Tropical Cyclone Wind-Wave, Storm Surge and Current in

Meteorological Prediction.....................................................................125

1. Introduction........................................................................................125

2. Methodology......................................................................................129

3. Meteorological prediction results...................................................142

4. Discussion and conclusion..............................................................146

5. Acknowledgements...........................................................................147

Chapter 8 The Impact of Seawater Salinity on Evapotranspiration and Plant

Growth Under Different Meteorological Conditions....................151

1. Introduction................................................................................................151

2. Materials and methods....................................................................153

3. Results and discussion.....................................................................155

4. Conclusions........................................................................................167

Chapter 9 Evapotranspiration Estimation Using Micrometeorological

Techniques................................................................................................172

1. Introduction........................................................................................172

2. Theoretical background...................................................................173

3. Micrometeorological techniques.....................................................178

4. Materials and methods....................................................................186

5. Results and discussion.....................................................................193

6. Conclusions........................................................................................201

Citation......................................................................................................205

Index...........................................................................................................207

About Author

Giselle Naidoo obtained her Master’s Degree in Atmospheric Sciences from the Public University, Valparaiso. Her academic and research interests lie in global climate change and atmospheric dynamics. She is an active member of several scientific committees. Naidoo is a Guest Lecturer at University, Huarez. She is a regular contributor to scientific journals; and has many articles and book chapters to her credit. She has been the recipient of two awards for her research work in the field of global climate models, weather forecasting and urban climatology.