About Book

Plant cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae. They are types of eukaryotic cells. They have cell walls, plastid, cell plate, central vacuole, etc. They have various cell types, and tissue types. Plant cells can primarily be categorized into parenchyma cells and collenchyma cells. Plant cells have cell walls; they are a complex mixture of cellulose and non-cellulosic polysaccharides (sugars), proteins, lignin and water. Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are surrounded by a relatively thin but mechanically strong cell wall. This wall consists of a complex mixture of polysaccharides and other polymers that are secreted by the cell and are assembled into an organized network linked together by both covalent and non-covalent bonds. Plant cells differentiate from undifferentiated meristematic cells to form the major classes of cells and tissues of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and reproductive structures, each of which may be composed of several cell types. This book will provide the readers in-depth knowledge about the characteristics of plant cells. It deals with cell wall digestion, biosynthetic pathway, drought stress and natural plant extracts. It also explores plant cell cultures, cell division and cell wall proteomes. It studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of this subject area and its utmost significance in modern times. The various subfields of plants along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in it. It presents the complex subject of plant biology in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the field of plant cell biology.

Preface...........................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Glycoside Hydrolases in Plant Cell Wall Proteomes: Predicting Functions That Could Be Relevant for Improving Biomass Transformation Processes.........................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. Plant GH families..................................................................................4

3. GHs identified in sugarcane and B. distachyon cell wall

proteomes...............................................................................................5

4. GH1, GH3, and GH51..........................................................................6

5. GH 17....................................................................................................10

6. GH27 and GH35..................................................................................11

7. Concluding remarks...........................................................................12

Acknowledgements.............................................................................13

Chapter 2 Influence of Exogenously Supplemented Caffeine on Cell Division, Germination, and Growth of Economically Important Plants......23

Abstract.................................................................................................23

1. Introduction..........................................................................................24

2. Materials and methods......................................................................25

3. Results and discussion.......................................................................29

4. Conclusions..........................................................................................37

Acknowledgements.............................................................................37

Chapter 3 Alkaloids in Plant Cell Cultures..........................................................41

Abstract.................................................................................................41

1. Introduction ........................................................................................41

2. Alkaloids in in vitro cell cultures.....................................................42

3. Alkaloids accumulation in cultured cells.......................................55

4. Conclusion............................................................................................59

Chapter 4 Programmed Cell Death-Related Proteases in Plants ....................68

Abstract.................................................................................................68

1. Introduction..........................................................................................69

2. Programmed cell death in plants ...................................................70

3. Programmed cell death-related proteases ....................................71

4. Metacaspases ......................................................................................73

5. The caspase fold of metacaspases...................................................77

6. Metacaspase activators and regulators ..........................................79

7. Metacaspase targets ...........................................................................81

8. Molecular modelling of the metacaspase 4 from Glycine max

(type II metacaspase) ........................................................................82

9. Results...................................................................................................84

10. Discussion ...........................................................................................86

Chapter 5 Screening for Suppression of Inflammatory Responses Against

UVB-Induced DNA Damage in Skin Cells Based on Natural Plant

Extract Enhances DNA Repair-Related Polymerase Activity.........96

1. Introduction..........................................................................................96

2. Pol assay in UVB-irradiated NHEK ..............................................99

3. Screening for plant Pol activity enhancers in UVB-irradiated

NHEK .................................................................................................103

4. Effect of Rose Myrtle fruit extract and piceatannol on Pol activity

in UVB-exposed NHEK...................................................................104

5. Effect of the Rose Myrtle fruit extract and piceatannol on

UVB-exposed NHEK cell viability ...............................................106

6. Effect of Rose Myrtle fruit extract and piceatannol on CPD

production in UVB-exposed NHEK ............................................107

7. Effect of Rose Myrtle fruit extract and piceatannol on PGE2

production in UVB-exposed NHEK ............................................109

8. Discussion...........................................................................................110

9. Conclusion .........................................................................................113

Acknowledgements .........................................................................113

Conflicts of interest .........................................................................113

Chapter 6 Programmed Cell Death as a Response to High Light, UV and

Drought Stress in Plants.......................................................................117

1. Introduction........................................................................................117

2. Hallmarks and the regulation of programmed cell death ......119

3. Reactive oxygen species in plants ................................................125

4. High and excess light stress ..........................................................136

5. UV radiation stress ..........................................................................141

6. Drought stress - soil water deficit.................................................142

7. Conclusions........................................................................................146

Acknowledgments ...........................................................................146

Abbreviations ....................................................................................146

Chapter 7 Production of Useful Secondary Metabolites Through Regulation

of Biosynthetic Pathway in Cell and Tissue Suspension Culture of

Medicinal Plants......................................................................................165

1. Introduction........................................................................................165

2. Establishment of culture systems..................................................168

3. Biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites.......................173

4. Conclusions........................................................................................180

Chapter 8 Plant Special Cell – Cotton Fiber.......................................................183

1. Introduction........................................................................................183

2. Cotton fiber growth..........................................................................184

3. Cotton fiber secondary wall development...................................189

4. Cotton fiber chemical component ................................................196

5. Conclusion .........................................................................................199

Chapter 9 Competing Plant Cell Wall Digestion Recalcitrance by Using

Fungal Substrate- Adapted Enzyme Cocktails................................202

1. Introduction........................................................................................202

2. Diversity of plant cell wall structures..........................................204

3. A strategy for improving biomass hydrolysis:

Studying (and using afterwards) fungi able to degrade

plant cell wall components.............................................................206

4. Conclusions and future prospects.................................................214

5. Acknowledgment..............................................................................219

Citation......................................................................................................223

Index...........................................................................................................225

About Author

Hector Moore received his Ph.D. in Plant Biology from Science Research University, Ohio. His primary areas of scholarly and research interests lie in the fields of plant molecular and cellular biology. Moore is a distinguished professor of undergraduate education and serves as guest faculty for several universities across America and Europe. He has won several awards for his knowledge and contributions to this field. His works have been published in various books as reference materials for students. He is an active member of several scientific and agricultural societies, where he continues to share his expertise and knowledge in the field of botany.