About Book

The cell is the fundamental unit of life. The vast majority of living organisms on earth are single cells that survive, grow, proliferate and adapt to their environments. Although the cells in our body are more complex and live with billions of other cells, they share many of the same features as single-celled organisms. Cell biology is the branch of biology dealing with the study of cells, especially their formation, structure, components, and function. The cell membrane is a thin flexible layer around the cell of all living things. It is sometimes called the plasma membrane. Cell membranes function as a border to prevent the loss of critical cellular material. This includes proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates and also the building blocks for those macromolecules: amino acids, nucleotides and sugars, respectively. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, including cholesterols that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various temperatures. This book outlines the processes and applications of cell biology and membrane in detail. The main objective is to provide easier access and sufficient information to the readers to enrich their existing knowledge base. It deals with cell microarrays, immunobiology, stem cells, virus infection, cell interplay, cell culture and extracellular vesicles. It elucidates the various methods and theories of these processes. It is an utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this an invaluable source of knowledge. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Cell Culture and Maintenance of the Evolutionary Forms of Trypanosoma cruzi for Studies of Parasitic Biology..........................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. How to maintain and cultivate Trypanosoma cruzi?.......................3

3. In vitro differentiation of Trypanoso-ma cruzi epimastigote to

trypomastigote forms...........................................................................4

4. Advantages and limitation of in vitro Trypanosoma cruzi

culture......................................................................................................6

5. Applications in the cell culture of Trypanosoma cruzi....................7

6. Conclusion..............................................................................................8

Acknowledgements...............................................................................8

Conflict of interest................................................................................8

Chapter 2 The Biology and Therapeutic Applications of Red Blood Cell Extracellular Vesicles................................................................................12

Abstract ................................................................................................12

1. Introduction ........................................................................................13

2. Overview of extracellular vesicles ..................................................13

3. Concentrations on red blood cell extracellular vesicles..............16

4. Conclusion ...........................................................................................22

Acknowledgements ...........................................................................22

Conflict of interest .............................................................................23

Chapter 3 Highlighting the Role of DC-NK Cell Interplay in Immunobiology and Immunotherapy.................................................................................32

Abstract.................................................................................................32

1. Introduction..........................................................................................33

2. Dendritic cells......................................................................................33

3. NK cells.................................................................................................36

4. DC-NK cell interplay..........................................................................37

5. DCs and NK cells in cancer immunotherapy...............................42

6. Future perspectives.............................................................................43

Acknowledgements.............................................................................45

Conflict of interest..............................................................................45

Chapter 4 Cell Biology of Virus Infection. The Role of Cytoskeletal Dynamics

Integrity in the Effectiveness of Dengue Virus Infection..............58

Abstract.................................................................................................58

1. Introduction..........................................................................................59

2. Results and discussion.......................................................................63

3. Conclusions..........................................................................................72

4. Methods................................................................................................72

Acknowledgements.............................................................................76

Chapter 5 Function of KLF4 in Stem Cell Biology.............................................85

1. Introduction..........................................................................................85

2. Identification and characterization of KLF4..................................86

3. General functions of KLF4................................................................86

4. KLF4 in stem cell biology.................................................................88

5. Notch signaling and KLF4..............................................................100

6. Wnt signaling and KLF4.................................................................102

7. Hedgehog signaling and KLF4......................................................103

8. Concluding remarks.........................................................................104

Acknowledgements...........................................................................105

Chapter 6 A Survey of the Molecular Basis for the Generation of Functional

Dopaminergic Neurons from Pluripotent Stem Cells: Insights from

Regenerative Biology and Regenerative Medicine.........................117

1. Introduction........................................................................................117

2. DA neuronal regeneration in regenerative animals...................118

3. Strategies for generation of DA neurons in non-regenerative

animals................................................................................................122

4. Towards the clinical application of ESCs/iPSC-derived DA

neurons in Parkinson’s disease......................................................124

5. Stem cell utilization in vivo and in vitro for non-regenerative

animals: Lessons from regenerative animals...............................126

6. Conclusion..........................................................................................128

Acknowledgements...........................................................................128

Chapter 7 Immunobiology of Monocytes/Macrophages in Hepatocellular

Carcinoma.................................................................................................136

1. Introduction ......................................................................................136

2. Immune microenvironments of human HCC ............................137

3. Polarization of monocytes in HCC microenvironments...........141

4. Cross talks between monocytes/Mφs and other stroma cells in

HCC tissues........................................................................................144

5. Summary.............................................................................................150

6. Acknowledgment .............................................................................150

Chapter 8 On-Chip Living-Cell Microarrays for Network Biology...............158

1. Introduction........................................................................................158

2. Microfluidic chips for cell microarrays .......................................159

3. Computational methods for quantitative image analysis.........165

4. Biological network analysis ...........................................................169

5. Summary.............................................................................................175

6. Acknowledgment..............................................................................176

Citation......................................................................................................189

Index...........................................................................................................191

About Author

Jaden Mason pursued his Ph.D. in Cell and Developmental Biology from Public State University, Tabasco. He served as a Guest Lecturer in several Public Research Universities across Europe. He has wide-ranging area of academic and research interests which include DNA replication, eukaryotic cells and apoptosis. He has written several technical papers on mitosis for which he won “Distinguished Scholar Award". Mason is an active member of several scientific and technical societies where he continues to share his expertise and knowledge in the field of cell biology.