About Book

A large proportion of all life on Earth lives in the ocean. The exact size of this large proportion is unknown, since many ocean species are still to be discovered. Aquatic biology studies organisms that are found in the seas and oceans as well as freshwater regions. Diversity among organisms that are found underwater range from microorganisms, fungi and algae to fish, marine mammals and marine birds. Aquatic regions include the oceans, short lines, coral reefs, lakes, rivers, estuaries, etc. The disciplines of marine and aquatic science deal with the regulation and promotion of aquatic life and the ecological regions that encompass aquatic ecosystem, the limnological and hydrological mechanisms at work in these ecosystems, and the impact of human activity in these areas. This book elucidates the concepts and prospective developments with respect to aquatic biology. It discusses topics related to aquatic pollutants, aquatic environments, aquatic microorganisms, next generation sequencing, aquatic invertebrates, amoxicillin, toxicological implications, water quality and biological sensor. It presents complex subject of aquatic in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies and advanced studies on this subject have been included in the book. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and added its advancement. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and are bound to provide incredible insights to readers.

Preface............................................................................................................ v

Chapter 1 A Survey of Satellite Biological Sensor Application for Terrestrial

and Aquatic Ecosystems............................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. Remote sensing and land coverage...................................................2

3. Mangrove status detection..................................................................8

4. Remote sensing and aquatic system...............................................11

5. Water acidification bioindication.....................................................14

6. The water quality state biosensors..................................................14

7. Eutrophication biosensors.................................................................15

8. Biosensors of fisheries........................................................................17

9. Conclusions and recommendations.................................................24

Chapter 2 Metals Toxic Effects in Aquatic Ecosystems: Modulators of Water

Quality.........................................................................................................31

Abstract.................................................................................................31

1. Introduction..........................................................................................32

2. Metal ecotoxicology............................................................................33

3. Experimental part................................................................................39

4. Conclusions..........................................................................................54

Abbreviations:......................................................................................56

Chapter 3 Microplastics in Aquatic Environments and Their Toxicological

Implications for Fish................................................................................66

Abstract ................................................................................................66

1. Introduction..........................................................................................67

2. Chemical nature..................................................................................68

3. Sources..................................................................................................69

4. Ecosystem distribution.......................................................................70

5. Absorption of toxicants......................................................................72

6. Effects on marine fish........................................................................81

7. Conclusion............................................................................................85

Acknowledgements.............................................................................86

Chapter 4 Amoxicillin in the Aquatic Environment, Its Fate and Environmental

Risk.............................................................................................................105

Abstract...............................................................................................105

1. Introduction........................................................................................106

2. Amoxicillin.........................................................................................107

3. Amoxicillin sales and occurrence in water bodies.....................108

4. Environmental degradation of amoxicillin..................................112

5. Bioaccumulation and bacteria resistance genes..........................113

6. Immuno-allergic potential...............................................................114

7. Toxicological risk of amoxicillin....................................................115

9. Conclusion..........................................................................................116

Chapter 5 Nanotoxicity in Aquatic Invertebrates...............................................129

Abstract ..............................................................................................129

1. Introduction........................................................................................129

2. Crustaceans and exposure routes in ecotoxicology...................135

3. Methodology......................................................................................136

4. Results and discussion.....................................................................141

5. Conclusions and significance..........................................................147

6. Future perspectives...........................................................................148

Acknowledgements...........................................................................149

Chapter 6 Next Generation Sequencing in Aquatic Models...........................154

Abstract ..............................................................................................154

1. Introduction........................................................................................155

2. Aquatic animal models in biomedical re-search........................155

3. Xiphophorus genome assembly.....................................................158

4. Problems and potential resolutions in genome assembly........167

5. Perspectives in aquatic genome research.....................................171

6. Conclusion..........................................................................................173

Chapter 7 Bacteriocins of Aquatic Microorganisms and Their Potential

Applications in the Seafood Industry...............................................177

1. Introduction........................................................................................177

2. Bacteriocin basics .............................................................................178

3. Bacteriocins of marine bacteria .....................................................185

4. Applications and implications of marine bacteriocins .............191

5. Conclusions and future research ..................................................199

Chapter 8 Metagenomics in Polluted Aquatic Environments .......................212

1. Introduction........................................................................................212

2. Metagenomics and bioinformatics.................................................213

3. Metagenomics applied to water pollution studies.....................216

4. Conclusions........................................................................................230

5. Acknowledgement.............................................................................232

Chapter 9 Nanogold Loaded, Nitrogen Doped TiO2 Photocatalysts for the

Degradation of Aquatic Pollutants Under Sun Light .................236

1. Introduction........................................................................................236

2. Experimental......................................................................................242

3. Results and discussion.....................................................................243

4. Conclusion..........................................................................................249

5. Acknowledgment..............................................................................250

Citation......................................................................................................255

Index...........................................................................................................257

About Author

Nick Garcia pursued his Ph.D. in Marine Science from Public Research University, Palotas. He is a Research Scholar based at Maldonado. He is actively engaged in the researches focused on aquatic mammals, marine ecology and marine ecosystem. Garcia has authored and edited more than 60 articles, journal papers and book chapters in the field of marine sciences. He has won over 10 awards and recognitions for his researches and services. He has also attended numerous international conferences and symposiums.