About Book

In today's world, population is on a rapid rise and the level of pollution is rising every day. Thus, materials recycling is the concept which is very important in the present scenario. Recycling is one of the best ways in which we, as human beings, can attempt to make a positive impact on the world in which we live. Not only does recycling help to reduce the pollution of harmful chemicals and greenhouse gasses released by waste into the environment, it also reduces the need for raw materials, allowing for rainforests and other sources to be preserved. It refers to the process of converting the old waste material into some new and useful product. In order to make the most beneficial impact to the environment, it is important to know exactly which items are meant for garbage or compost. The materials that can be recycled are glass, aluminium, plastic water bottles, metal scrap, different kinds of paper, electronics–computers, cellular phones, keyboards, batteries and other small electronic equipment, textile, wood, wire, cables, plastic product, rubber etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and methodology of materials and recycling. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core subjects of materials recycling. It explores ceramic raw materials, chemical recycling of PET, transformation in design, modelling of recycling, plastics recycling, methods for recycling, recycling of polytetrafluoroethylene, recycling tool and recycling from diluted waste. Student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this textbook an invaluable source of knowledge. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of materials recycling which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Recycling of Polymeric Composite Materials......................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. Recycling of composite materials......................................................4

3. Proposed new composite material and manufacturing method

for ornamental synthetic plates..........................................................6

4. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis.....................................................16

5. Conclusions..........................................................................................18

Acknowledgements.............................................................................19

Chapter 2 Organic Fertilizers and Nutrient Recycling from Diluted Waste Streams........................................................................................................22

Abstract.................................................................................................22

1. Introduction..........................................................................................22

2. New treatment option to increase fraction in the solid phase and

make liquid waste stable...................................................................24

3. What do we know about how treatment options affect plant

availability?...........................................................................................26

4. How does treatment affect environmental performance of

biofertilizers?........................................................................................27

5. Conclusion and outlook.....................................................................28

Acknowledgements.............................................................................29

Conflict of interest..............................................................................29

Chapter 3 Gamma Radiation as a Recycling Tool for Waste Materials Used in Concrete.................................................................................................36

Abstract.................................................................................................36

1. Introduction..........................................................................................37

2. Recycled and waste materials used in concrete...........................38

3. Structural modification of waste materials using gamma

radiation................................................................................................45

4. Concrete with waste and recycled materials: Effects of gamma

irradiation.............................................................................................49

5. Conclusions..........................................................................................56

Acknowledgements.............................................................................57

Chapter 4 Recycling of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Scrap Materials.......61

1. Introduction..........................................................................................61

2. Filler grade PTFE................................................................................63

3. Recycling PTFE scrap material.........................................................65

4. Irradiation stability of PTFE.............................................................65

5. Reprocessing of unirradiated PTFE scrap......................................69

6. Compression molding........................................................................77

7. Ram extrusion......................................................................................80

8. Conclusions..........................................................................................82

Acknowledgements.............................................................................83

Chapter 5 Methods for Separation, Recycling and Reuse of Biodegradation

Products.......................................................................................................85

1. Introduction..........................................................................................85

2. Mechanisms of biodegradation........................................................87

3. Aerobic biodegradation......................................................................91

4. Anaerobic biodegradation.................................................................93

5. Biodegradation of industrial organic pollutants...........................96

6. Prospective of anaerobic digestion and biogas energy.............105

7. Plastic waste separation, reprocessing and recycle....................106

8. Conclusions........................................................................................112

Chapter 6 Modelling of Recycling in LCA ........................................................127

1. Introduction........................................................................................127

2. Modelling of recycling in LCA......................................................132

3. Application of allocation methods in LCA ................................145

4. Examples of recycling in LCA ......................................................149

5. Conclusions........................................................................................154

Chapter 7 Knowledge Recycling and Transformation in Design .................159

1. Introduction........................................................................................159

2. Knowledge in design ......................................................................159

3. Knowledge recycling in design ....................................................161

4. Design knowledge processing .......................................................162

5. Knowledge modeling ......................................................................164

6. Knowledge transformation..............................................................168

7. Biomimetic approach to design......................................................170

8. BioTecture project..............................................................................173

9. Conclusion..........................................................................................173

Chapter 8 Recent Developments in the Chemical Recycling of PET ..........176

1. Introduction .....................................................................................176

2. PET recycling methods ...................................................................180

3. Glycolytic depolymerization of PET.............................................184

4. Conclusion: Challenges and opportunities .................................193

5. Acknowledgement ...........................................................................194

Chapter 9 Recycling of Mine Wastes as Ceramic Raw Materials: An Alternative

to Avoid Environmental Contamination ........................................202

1. Introduction ......................................................................................202

2. Recycling and mining wastes ........................................................204

3. Granite sawing waste and kaolin processing waste: Alternative

ceramic raw materials .....................................................................212

4. Conclusion .........................................................................................226

5. Acknowledgment .............................................................................227

Chapter 10 Plastics Recycling – Technology and Business in Japan..............230

1. Introduction........................................................................................230

2. Generation of waste plastics, and the legislation for their

management ....................................................................................230

3. Technologies and businesses of waste plastics recycling ........240

4. Tasks for the future .........................................................................251

Citation......................................................................................................259

Index...........................................................................................................261

About Author

Nassreddine Gordon pursued his M.Sc. in Environmental Protection and Waste Management from Technological University, Sydney. Gordon's interest areas of academic research include reuse of biodegradable waste and domestic waste recycling. He is a guest lecturer in many universities and teaches courses on toxic waste, chemical waste management and industrial solid waste. He is a distinguished figure with an experience of over two decades in the field of waste sorting and waste treatment technology. Gordon has been awarded the "Distinguished Teacher of the Year” award for his excellence.