About Book

Pharmacotherapy is characterized as the treatment and fix of infection using drugs. Medication treatment and prescription is the most mainstream strategy for sickness anticipation on the planet. The main objectives of using pharmacotherapy as part of treatment are: to reduce dependence on substances, to reduce the harms and deaths caused by the use of substances or associated with their use; for example, BBVs, alcohol-related violence, liver damage, ABI, cancer to improve physical and psychological health, to reduce criminal behaviour, to facilitate reintegration into the workforce and education system and to improve social functioning. This book contains some way breaking investigations in the field of pharmacotherapy. It follows the advancement of this field and features a portion of its key ideas and application. It focuses on psychiatric comorbidity, angina pectoris, genetic pharmacotherapy, bipolar affective disorder, erectile dysfunction, neuropathic pain, hysterectomy, pathophysiology and hepatic encephalopathy with respect to pharmacotherapy. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field. This compendium will be of immense interest for students, researchers, as well as practitioners associated with this term and other related fields.

Preface ..................................................................................................................... v

1. Pharmacotherapy of Hepatic Encephalopathy ................................................ 1

Abstract ........................................................................................................... 1

1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 2

2. Epidemiology .................................................................................................. 2

3. Pathophysiology ............................................................................................ 2

4. Clinical presentation ..................................................................................... 3

5. Diagnosis and classification ......................................................................... 3

6. Management ................................................................................................... 4

7. Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 9

2. Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Pathophysiology and

Pharmacotherapy Approach ............................................................................. 14

Abstract ......................................................................................................... 14

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 15

2. Prevalence of OSA ........................................................................................ 16

3. Pathophysiology of OSA ............................................................................. 16

4. Diagnosis of OSA .......................................................................................... 17

5. Complications of OSA ................................................................................. 20

6. Pharmacotherapy of OSA........................................................................... 23

7. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 27

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 28

3. Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Pain ................................................................... 33

Abstract ......................................................................................................... 33

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 33

2. NSAIDs and acetaminophen ...................................................................... 34

3. Opioids .......................................................................................................... 35

4. Antidepressants ........................................................................................... 40

5. Anticonvulsants .......................................................................................... 40

6. Cannabis ....................................................................................................... 41

7. Conclusions .................................................................................................. 42

4. Pharmacotherapy During Percutaneous Coronary Interventions ............ 47

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 47

2. Anti-platelet agents ..................................................................................... 48

3. Anti-thrombotic agents .............................................................................. 55

5. Pharmacotherapy of Massive Obstetric Bleedings as Alternative

to Hysterectomy .................................................................................................. 91

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 91

2. Indications and clinical situations for rFVIIa administration ............. 93

3. World experience of use of rFVIIa in treatment of PPH ......................... 94

4. Mechanism of hemostatic action of rFVIIa .............................................. 96

5. Original researches ...................................................................................... 96

6. Discussion ................................................................................................... 112

7. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 113

8. Acknowledgment ...................................................................................... 114

6. Pharmacotherapy of Neuropathic Pain ......................................................... 124

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 124

2. General principles ..................................................................................... 125

3. Pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain ................................. 127

4. Combination pharmacotherapy ............................................................. 134

5. Studies in progress .................................................................................... 134

6. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 136

7. Pharmacotherapy for Chronic Low Back Pain ............................................ 141

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 141

2. Review of guidelines for chronic low back pain and clinical

evidence for pharma-cotherapies ........................................................... 142

3. Treatment algorithm ................................................................................. 157

4. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 159

5. Acknowledgments ..................................................................................... 160

8. Current Perspectives on Pharmacotherapy Treatments for

Erectile Dysfunction ......................................................................................... 175

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 175

2. First-line treatment: Oral pharmacotherapy ....................................... 176

3. Second-line treatment: Intracavernosal pharmacotherapy ............... 184

4. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 189

9. Advances in the Pharmacotherapy of Bipolar Affective Disorder .......... 198

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 198

2. Evolution of pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder ............................ 198

3. Advances in the treatment of bipolar disorder .................................... 199

4. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 213

5. Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 214

10. Genetic Pharmacotherapy ............................................................................... 226

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 226

2. The conceptual basis and requisite compo-nents of genetic

pharmacotherapy ...................................................................................... 227

3. Comparability to target-specific drugs, with advantages and

limitations .................................................................................................. 232

4. Evolution of genetic pharmacotherapy .................................................. 236

5. Past and current opportunities for genetic pharmacotherapy

applications ................................................................................................ 245

6. Feasibility and recommendations for systematic use ......................... 249

7. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 250

8. Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 251

11. Conventional and Novel Pharmacotherapy of Angina Pectoris .............. 262

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 262

2. Anti-angina currently used medicines .................................................. 263

3. New drugs with novel mechanisms of action ...................................... 279

4. Current researches .................................................................................... 281

5. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 282

12. Psychiatric Comorbidity and Pharmacotherapy in Patients with Oral Lichen

Planus .................................................................................................................. 286

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 286

2. Clinical findings ......................................................................................... 287

3. Histopathological findings ....................................................................... 288

4. Risk of malignancy transformation ........................................................ 288

5. Association with other diseases ............................................................. 288

6. Etiology and pathogenesis ....................................................................... 289

7. Differential diagnosis ................................................................................ 295

8. Management ............................................................................................... 295

9. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 306

10. Acknowledgement ..................................................................................... 306

Citation ................................................................................................................ 313

Index .................................................................................................................... 315

About Author

Jerome Lopez obtained his Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Science from the College of Pharmacy, Taounate. He is an Assistant Professor of Pharmacology in Public Research University, Almeria. His research interests in pharmaceutical sciences encompass pharmacotherapy, pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics. Lopez has authored and edited a number of articles, journal papers and major book chapters in the field of pharmaceutical sciences, pharmacotherapy, neuropathic pain, psychiatric comorbidity and bipolar affective disorder.