About Book

The technology of cryopreservation gives us the possibility of interfering with the clockwork by stopping biological time. Cryopreservation has numerous biotechnological applications in various fields. This has prompted an increment in significance of cryobiology as a science that analyzes the impact of super low temperatures on cells, tissues, organs and creatures and furthermore the freezability of these designs, while keeping up their suitability. These days it is notable that this type of biotechnology can be utilized to tackle a great deal of issues like human fruitlessness, hazardous sicknesses, protection of gametes and DNA and furthermore biodiversity preservation. Research into fundamental cryobiology has provided the basis for new cryopreservation methods such as vitrification. It had been a great dream of humankind to be able to pause the time or stay young forever. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of cryopreservation. It discusses thoroughly the various concepts of this subject. It deals with cryobiology, tissue cryopreservation, hematopoietic, pluripotent stem cells, oocyte, testicular tissue, embryos and phosphorylation state. This book presents the complex subject of cryopreservation in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It explores all the important aspects of the area in the present day scenario. This book is meant for students and researchers who are looking for an elaborate reference book in this field.

Preface ..................................................................................................................... v

1. Effect of Cryopreservation on Bio-Chemical Parameters, DNA Integrity,

Protein Profile and Phosphorylation State of Proteins of Seawater

Fish Spermatozoa 1

1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 1

2. Effect of freezing-thawing procedure on sea bass spermatozoa

biochemical parameters. Use of intracellular ATP concentration

and seminal plasma ß-D-glucuronidase activity as quality marker

of fresh and frozen-thawed semen ............................................................. 2

3. Effect of cryopreservation on DNA integrity on sea bass

spermatozoa ................................................................................................... 7

4. Effect of cryopreservation on sea bass protein profile ........................... 11

5. Effect of cryopreservation on proteins phosphorylation state of

sea bream sperm .......................................................................................... 16

6. Conclusions .................................................................................................. 23

2. Cryopreservation of Embryos from Model Animals and Human ............ 33

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 33

2. Cryopreservation of mammalian preimplan-tation embryos ............ 39

3. Cryopreservation of larvae of nematodes and platyhelminthes ........ 46

4. Cryopreservation of insect embryos ........................................................ 50

5. Cryopreservation of teleost embryos ....................................................... 54

6. Concluding remarks .................................................................................... 59

7. Acknowledgement ....................................................................................... 62

3. Cryopreservation of Porcine Gametes, Embryos and Genital Tissues:

State of the Art ..................................................................................................... 75

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 75

2. What happens during cryopreservation? ............................................... 77

3. Cryopreservation of boar semen: State-of-the-art ................................. 82

4. Cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos ............................................. 91

5. Cryopreservation of genital tissues .......................................................... 94

6. Conclusions .................................................................................................. 95

7. Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 95

4. Cryopreservation of Testicular Tissue .......................................................... 111

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 111

2. Rationale for preserving testis tissue from human and animal

donors .......................................................................................................... 113

3. Methodology for cryopreservation of testicular tissue ....................... 114

4. Applications of testis cryopreservation for new reproductive

technologies ................................................................................................ 123

5. Current trends in testis tissue cryo-preservation ............................... 127

6. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 129

7. Acknowledgement ..................................................................................... 130

5. Oocyte Cryopreservation for the Elective Preservation of

Reproductive Potential ..................................................................................... 139

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 139

2. The history of human oocyte cryo-preservation ................................. 139

3. The significance of human aging ............................................................. 142

4. Changing demographics of reproductive-aged women ...................... 147

5. Technical aspects of oocyte cryopreserv-ation ..................................... 149

6. Is oocyte cryopreservation “experimental?” ........................................ 156

7. Long-term pregnancy and health outcomes after oocyte

cryopreservation ....................................................................................... 160

8. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 163

6. Cryopreservation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells:

Are We Going in the Right Direction? ........................................................... 172

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 172

2. Sensitivity of hPSCs to cryopreservation ............................................. 177

3. Improvement of existing cryopreservation protocols ......................... 179

4. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 196

5. Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 196

7. Cryopreservation of Hematopoietic and Non-Hematopoietic Stem Cells

– A Review for the Clinician ............................................................................ 209

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 209

2. Types of stem cells ..................................................................................... 210

3. Processing prior to cryostorage .............................................................. 212

4. Summary and conclusions ....................................................................... 234

8. Human Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation as Fertility Reserve ................ 258

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 258

2. Effect of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or other toxic drugs on

female reproduction .................................................................................. 261

3. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation ............................................................ 262

4. How to use .................................................................................................. 263

5. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 268

6. Acknowledgment ...................................................................................... 269

9. Fundamental Cryobiology and Basic Physical, Thermodynamical and

Chemical Aspects of Plant Tissue Cryopreservation ................................. 275

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 275

2. Available plant cryopreservation protocols ......................................... 277

3. Cryoprotective-agent ................................................................................ 279

4. Regeneration of plants after cryoprese-rvation ................................... 280

5. Variation in cryopreserved derived plant ............................................ 282

6. Current status of research and development in cryopreservation ... 284

7. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 287

Citation ................................................................................................................ 297

Index .................................................................................................................... 299

About Author

Phoenix Edner holds Ph.D. in Agricultural Engineering from Public Research University, Kozenki. He has contributed number of articles and research papers on biotechnology, synthetic biology, and plant genetics. He is a Visiting Professor at University, Korosten. His research topics include the study of plant taxonomy, genetics, tissue culture, genetic transformation, cryopreservation, oxidative stress, and somaclonal variation. Edner is an eminent figure with a vast experience of over two decades in the field of cryobiology. He has also won “Award for Distinguished Teaching” for his outstanding contribution towards the student & researcher community.