About Book

The field of digital image segmentation is continually evolving. The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze. Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves, etc.) in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain characteristics. The result of image segmentation is a set of segments that collectively cover the entire image, or a set of contours extracted from the image. Several algorithms and techniques for image segmentation have been developed over the years using domain-specific knowledge to effectively solve segmentation problems in that specific application area. These applications include medical imaging, automated driving, video surveillance, and machine vision. The aim of this book is to provide in-depth detail of image segmentation. The topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of image segmentation. It deals with adaptative image segmentation, ultrasound image segmentation, hierarchical structures, fuzzy image segmentation, iterative algorithm, time series clustering, color image segmentation and morphological operator. It unfolds the innovative aspects of this area, which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. Such selected concepts that redefine this field have been presented in it. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this field and will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Image Segmentation...................................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. Wavelet and watershed-based image segmentation method.......3

3. Feature extraction and segmentation quality evaluation..............9

4. Sample results and discussion.........................................................10

5. Conclusion of the chapter.................................................................14

Chapter 2 Image Segmentation Based on Mathematical Morphological Operator.......................................................................................................17

Abstract.................................................................................................17

1. Introduction..........................................................................................17

2. Scene image segmentation based on mathematical

morphology..........................................................................................23

3. Experiment and results......................................................................27

4. Summary...............................................................................................33

Acknowledgements.............................................................................33

Chapter 3 Constrained Compound MRF Model with Bi-Level Line Field for Color Image Segmentation.....................................................................38

1. Introduction..........................................................................................38

2. MRF model...........................................................................................40

3. Compound Markov Random Field (COMRF) model..................42

4. Constrained Markov Random Field (MRF) model......................46

5. Unsupervised framework..................................................................49

6. Image label estimation.......................................................................50

7. Model parameter estimation.............................................................51

8. Parameter estimation using homotopy continuation method...52

9. Results and discussions.....................................................................55

Acknowledgment................................................................................59

Chapter 4 Image Segmentation and Time Series Clustering Based on Spatial

and Temporal ARMA Processes............................................................61

1. Introduction..........................................................................................61

2. Image Segmentation Through Estimation of Spatial ARMA

Processes...............................................................................................63

3. Clustering Time series.......................................................................71

4. Concluding Remarks and Future Work.........................................82

Acknowledgements.............................................................................83

Chapter 5 Image Segmentation Through an Iterative Algorithm of the Mean

Shift..............................................................................................................87

1. Introduction..................................................................................................87

2. Theoretical aspects..............................................................................89

3. Entropy.................................................................................................94

4. Algorithms............................................................................................95

5. Used standard images and utilized real images Some

characteristics.......................................................................................98

6. Experimental results and discussion...............................................99

7. Conclusions........................................................................................120

Chapter 6 Fuzzy Image Segmentation Algorithms in Wavelet Domain......123

1. Introduction........................................................................................123

2. Related work......................................................................................124

3. Wavelet texture analysis..................................................................131

4. Wavelet based texture analysis......................................................133

5. Proposed framework........................................................................133

6. Evaluation criteria.............................................................................137

7. Dermoscopic images.........................................................................138

8. Simulation results.............................................................................139

9. Conclusion..........................................................................................144

10. Acknowledgement............................................................................144

Chapter 7 Combining Hierarchical Structures on Graphs and Normalized

Cut for Image Segmentation................................................................147

1. Introduction........................................................................................147

2. Graph representation.......................................................................148

3. Graph Cut and Normalized Cut...................................................154

4. Normalized Cut segmentation workflow....................................158

5. Experimental results and discussion.............................................159

6. Conclusion..........................................................................................165

7. Acknowledgment..............................................................................165

Chapter 8 3D Ultrasound Image Segmentation: Interactive Texture-Based

Approaches...............................................................................................169

1. Introduction........................................................................................169

2. 3D ultrasound images......................................................................170

3. Texture analysis.................................................................................172

4. Human Understandable Features (HUF).....................................177

5. Texture-based supervised active contours driven by a classifier

for 3D ultrasound image segmentation.......................................187

6. Conclusion..........................................................................................193

Chapter 9 Digital Signature: A Novel Adaptative Image Segmentation

Approach...................................................................................................199

1. Introduction........................................................................................199

2. Related work......................................................................................201

3. Digital signature................................................................................202

4. Experimental results.........................................................................204

5. Conclusions........................................................................................216

6. Acknowledgments.............................................................................217

Citation......................................................................................................223

Index...........................................................................................................225

About Author

Danyon Roa obtained his Ph.D. Degree in Computer Science from Public Science University, Brisbane. He is focused on different technologies inherent in the field of information technology and their impact on information systems design, functionality, operations and management. He has served as an Associate Professor at Open Research University, Hamilton. He has authored and edited a number of academic periodicals, journal papers, articles and books in the field of user interface design and 3D modeling. He has also been an eminent speaker in seminars across America, Europe and Asia.