About Book

Optics is one of the oldest branches of physics, with foundations going back to the times of Descartes, Huygens, and Newton. Modern optical science spans a variety of diverse topics including, the classical optics of lens design and imaging, fiber optics and optical communication, optoelectronic materials and devices, the application of optical methods in medicine, the fundamental quantum mechanics of the interaction of light with matter, including applications to quantum computing. Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optical science is relevant to and studied in many related disciplines including astronomy, various engineering fields, photography and medicine. Practical applications of optics are found in a variety of technologies and everyday objects, including mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, lasers, and fiber optics. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of optics. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. It deals with optical coherence tomography, optical fibers, dynamic light scattering, optical neural network, optical radiation measurement, photonic crystal ring, optical band and internal optical properties. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. It presents the complex subject of optics in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This book will be of great interest for engineers working on developing next generation optical components; scientists involved with research on fiber amplifiers and lasers; students and researchers working in the field of optics.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Perturbation Method for Solar/Infrared Radiative Transfer in a Scattering Medium with Vertical Inhomogeneity in Internal Optical Properties.......................................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. SRT/IRT solution for an inhomogeneous layer...............................3

3. Results and discussion.......................................................................11

4. Summary and conclusions................................................................17

Acknowledgements.............................................................................19

Chapter 2 Photon Counting for Studying Faint Astronomical Variable Signals in Optical Band.........................................................................................22

Abstract.................................................................................................22

1. Introduction..........................................................................................22

2. The timing problem for isolated pulsars.......................................25

3. Pulsars in binary systems..................................................................28

4. SiFAP: high-speed photometry of variable sources.....................32

5. Data analysis techniques for variable signals...............................34

6. Observational results..........................................................................37

7. Conclusions..........................................................................................46

Acknowledgements.............................................................................46

Chapter 3 Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator Based Optical Filters.................49

1. Introduction..........................................................................................49

2. History of photonic crystals..............................................................49

3. Types of photonic cyrstals................................................................50

4. Numerical analysis..............................................................................54

5. Applications of 2DPCs.......................................................................55

6. Optical ring resonator........................................................................56

7. Photonic crystal ring resonator based ADF...................................59

8. BPF using quasi-waveguides............................................................66

9. PCRR based BSF..................................................................................68

10. Conclusion............................................................................................70

Chapter 4 Photodiodes as Optical Radiation Measurement Standards..........76

1. Introduction..........................................................................................76

2. Spectral responsivity scale in the visible range based on single

silicon photodiodes.............................................................................78

3. Reflectance evaluation of silicon photodiodes..............................79

4. Internal quantum efficiency of silicon photodiodes....................81

5. Spectral responsivity values of silicon photodiodes....................83

6. Spectral responsivity scale in the near IR range based on single

InP/InGaAs photodiodes...................................................................83

7. Measurement of InP photodiode’s reflectance..............................84

8. Analysis of Reflectance of InP Photodiodes..................................86

9. New Quantum Internal Efficiency Model of some

InPphotodetectors................................................................................89

10. Interpolation of spectral reflectance................................................93

11. Conclusions..........................................................................................94

Chapter 5 Performance Analysis of the Modified-Hybrid Optical Neural

Network Object Recognition System Within Cluttered Scenes... 97

1. Introduction ............................................................................... 97

2. General HONN filter’s design and implementation..................102

3. Modified-HONN system implementation....................................104

4. Multiple objects recognition............................................................108

5. Performance analysis........................................................................111

6. Conclusion and future work .........................................................128

Chapter 6 Path Length Resolved Dynamic Light Scattering Measurements

with Suppressed Influence of Optical Properties Using Phase

Modulated Low Coherence Interferometry ...................................135

1. Introduction........................................................................................135

2. Review of coherence domain path length resolved approaches

in laser Doppler flowmetry ...........................................................136

3. Phase modulated low coherence Mach-Zehnder

interferometry ...................................................................................138

4. Path length resolved dynamic light scattering measurements

with suppressed influence of optical absorption properties of

surrounding tissue matrices ..........................................................143

5. Path length resolved dynamic light scattering measurements

with suppressed influence of scattering properties of surrounding

tissue matrices ..................................................................................146

6. Path length resolved optical Doppler perfusion monitoring ..149

7. Conclusions .......................................................................................150

Chapter 7 Phase-Shifting Point Diffraction Interferometer Having Two Point

Light Sources of Single-Mode Optical Fibers................................154

1. Introduction........................................................................................154

2. Principle of PS/PDI...........................................................................156

3. PDI Configuration with two optical fibers for large-aperture

optics ..................................................................................................160

4. Estimation of measurement accuracy by null test.....................167

5. Wavefront reconstruction on test mirror surface ......................184

6. Measurement of spherical concave mirror .................................194

7. Measurement of aspherical mirrors .............................................206

8. Conclusion..........................................................................................223

9. Acknowledgment..............................................................................226

Chapter 8 Phase-Resolved Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography..........230

1. Introduction........................................................................................230

2. Theory ................................................................................................231

3. Sensitivity of PRODT and minimum detectable Doppler

shift .....................................................................................................236

4. Cross-correlation algorithm for PRODT, Doppler variance and

power Doppler methods ................................................................243

5. Bulk-motion and in-vivo imaging ..............................................246

6. Recent application with PRODT .................................................251

7. Summary and conclusions .............................................................253

8. Acknowledgement ...........................................................................254

Citation......................................................................................................261

Index...........................................................................................................263

About Author

Franklin Olsen has obtained Ph.D. in Optics and Photonics from Science University, Belgrade. He has written several articles, research papers, and journals on electromagnetic radiation, geometric optics, and quantum mechanics. He is an Associate Professor at Public State University, Krasnodar. His researches include quantum optics, optical coherence tomography, and nonlinear optics. His interests are in the areas of diffractive optics and antenna experiment millimeter wave, THz photonics and nanophotonics, information security, detection of hidden weapons as well as development of antiterrorism devices, experiment technologies, and explosive physics.