About Book

Education research embraces the full spectrum of rigorous methods appropriate to the questions being asked and also drives the development of new tools and methods. Advanced Methods in Education is intended to promote significantly the understanding and improvement of the educational processes. It brings the outcomes from the educational researches carried out in different fields, disciplines and qualitative methodological approaches. These investigations have purpose to improve the educational processes or contexts. It intends to discuss and educational reflection on participative implementations on research which involves the reality that is being investigated, the understanding of educational phenomena as well as the evidence that can encourage not only equity and improvement of outcomes in education but also a social change. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of education. It provides detail of social studies education, research tool, applications for education, curriculum ideologies, modern advances, early childhood education and enhancing young children’s access. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. It presents the complex subject of education in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Developing Young Scientists: The Importance of Addressing Stereotypes in Early Childhood Education..........................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. How to recognize stereotypes about scientists in young

children...................................................................................................3

3. Science identity......................................................................................4

4. What stereotypes mean: review of literature on children’s

perceptions of scientists.......................................................................5

5. Visiting scientists...................................................................................6

6. Combat the stereotypes: stereotypes in books................................8

7. Combat the stereotypes: stereotypes in TV...................................10

8. Conclusion............................................................................................12

Chapter 2 Curriculum Development: Foundations and Modern Advances in Graduate Medical Education..................................................................17

Abstract.................................................................................................17

1. Introduction..........................................................................................18

2. Kern’s framework for curriculum development...........................20

3. An evolving perspective on curriculum design...........................24

4. Contemporary applications of curriculum design.......................28

5. Conclusion............................................................................................35

Conflict of interest..............................................................................36

Thanks...................................................................................................36

Chapter 3 Curriculum Ideologies Reflecting Pre-Service Teachers’ Stances

toward Inclusive Education....................................................................42

Abstract.................................................................................................42

1. Introduction..........................................................................................42

2. Curriculum ideologies........................................................................45

3. Research site and methods................................................................46

4. Knowledge versus experience..........................................................48

5. Adoption versus reconstruction.......................................................50

6. Discussion.............................................................................................53

Chapter 4 Early Childhood Caries Update............................................................60

Abstract.................................................................................................60

1. Introduction..........................................................................................60

2. Early childhood caries (ECC)...........................................................62

3. Risk assessment update in ECC.......................................................67

4. Management of ECC..........................................................................69

5. Conclusion............................................................................................75

Conflict of interest..............................................................................76

Notes/thanks/other declarations.......................................................76

Chapter 5 A Review of Research on Gamification Approach in

Education.....................................................................................................82

Abstract ................................................................................................82

1. Introduction..........................................................................................83

2. Method..................................................................................................86

3. Results...................................................................................................90

4. Discussion and conclusion................................................................95

Chapter 6 A Proposal of Color Image Processing Applications for

Education...................................................................................................108

Abstract...............................................................................................108

1. Introduction........................................................................................109

2. The research methods......................................................................109

3. The automatic response analyzer in classroom using image

processing and cards........................................................................110

4. The color learning system with color analysis function...........114

5. The visual interactive programming learning system using image

processing...........................................................................................119

6. Consideration.....................................................................................127

7. Conclusion..........................................................................................127

Acknowledgements...........................................................................127

Chapter 7 A Virtual Laboratory: Teaching and Research Tool in Control

Engineering Education...........................................................................130

1. Introduction........................................................................................130

2. Mathematical modelling and simulation ...................................133

3. Need of controller (P, PD, PI & PID) ........................................137

4. Integration of Virtual laboratory into Control Engineering

courses ...............................................................................................145

5. Conclusion .........................................................................................153

Acknowledgement ...........................................................................153

Chapter 8 Causality in Social Studies Education...............................................155

1. Introduction........................................................................................155

2. Historical and philosophical foundations of causality ...............155

3. Causality in social sciences and social studies ..........................159

4. Development of causality in children .........................................167

5. Instructional elements of causality ...............................................171

6. Conclusion .........................................................................................178

Chapter 9 Enhancing Young Children’s Access to Early Childhood Education

and Care in Tanzania.............................................................................183

Abstract...............................................................................................183

1. Introduction........................................................................................183

2. Value of ECEC and rationale for government investment.......185

3. The situation of ECEC in African countries................................187

4. Qualifications of teachers and professional development........191

5. Parents and community involvement in early childhood education

and care...............................................................................................192

6. Conclusion..........................................................................................196

Citation......................................................................................................203

Index...........................................................................................................205

About Author

Graham Murphy is a Visiting Professor of Education at several universities across Europe. He holds Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from State University, Kazan. He has written a number of articles and research papers on educational psychology, teaching psychology, social psychology, quantitative psychology and computational linguistics and modern linguistics. His researches are focused on human language development, language acquisition, statistical grammars, connectionist models, alternative education, skill development, behavioural and social sciences.