About Book

A satellite is an object that has been intentionally placed into orbit. Unlike the natural satellites (moon), artificial satellites are used in various applications. There are nine different types of satellites i.e. Communications Satellite, Remote Sensing Satellite, Navigation Satellite, LEO, MEO, HEO, GPS, GEOs, Drone Satellite, Ground Satellite, Polar Satellite. Among several other applications, they can be used to make star maps and maps of planetary surfaces and also take pictures of planets they are launched into. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and space telescopes. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites. This book is a completely multi-disciplinary book that covers in-depth fields of satellite and its applications. It covers current practices and designs as well as advanced concepts and future systems. It provides a comparative analysis of satellite communications, technique development, satellite navigation, remote sensing, atmospheric propagation, clustering on satellite, debris reduction, evaluation methods and satellite-based instruments. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. It presents the complex subject of satellite navigation in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Preface............................................................................................................ v

Chapter 1 Evaluation Methods of Satellite Navigation System Performance..................................................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. Evaluation algorithm of GNSS signal in space availability.........3

3. Conclusions..........................................................................................18

Chapter 2 Atmospheric Aerosols Monitoring: Ground and Satellite-Based

Instruments.................................................................................................22

Abstract ................................................................................................22

1. Introduction..........................................................................................23

2. Ground-based aerosols instruments................................................25

3. Satellite-based remote sensing instruments...................................32

4. Conclusions..........................................................................................36

Acknowledgements.............................................................................36

Chapter 3 Additive Manufacturing Applied to the Design of Small Satellite

Structure for Space Debris Reduction.................................................39

Abstract.................................................................................................39

1. Introduction..........................................................................................39

2. Additive manufacturing in space....................................................41

3. Other technologies for space debris reduction.............................44

4. Small satellite structure to reduce space debris...........................49

5. Conclusions..........................................................................................55

Acknowledgements.............................................................................56

Conflict of interest..............................................................................56

Chapter 4 Agricultural Monitoring in Regional Scale Using Clustering on

Satellite Image Time Series...................................................................60

Abstract.................................................................................................60

1. Introduction..........................................................................................61

2. Material and methods........................................................................62

3. Results and discussion.......................................................................67

4. Conclusions..........................................................................................75

Acknowledgements.............................................................................76

Chapter 5 Aerosols Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing...........................79

Abstract.................................................................................................79

1. Introduction..........................................................................................80

2. Methods................................................................................................81

3. Aerosols monitored by satellites over the ocean..........................87

4. Aerosols monitored by satellites over the land............................96

5. Aerosol vertical structures monitored by satellite lidar...........105

6. Conclusions........................................................................................110

Acknowledgements...........................................................................111

Chapter 6 Atmospheric Propagation Model for Satellite

Communications......................................................................................116

1. Introduction........................................................................................116

2. Channel model...................................................................................118

3. Extended model.................................................................................126

4. Indexing and FMT............................................................................127

5. Complete proposed propagation model.......................................129

6. Results and discussion.....................................................................130

7. Conclusion..........................................................................................135

Appendix: Matlab code....................................................................136

Acknowledgements...........................................................................142

Chapter 7 Cold Gas Propulsion System – An Ideal Choice for Remote Sensing

Small Satellites ......................................................................................145

1. Introduction........................................................................................145

2. Cold gas propellants .......................................................................146

3. Cold gas propulsion system design ............................................147

4. Case study..........................................................................................151

5. Conclusion .........................................................................................160

6. Abbreviations ....................................................................................160

Chapter 8 Evolutionary Algorithms in Embedded Intelligent Devices Using

Satellite Navigation for Railway Transport ....................................163

1. Introduction........................................................................................163

2. Problem formulation .......................................................................164

3. Structure of proposed system for railway safety tasks ...........167

4. Mathematical models for problem solution................................170

5. Evolutionary algorithms for problem solution...........................176

6. Computer experiments ...................................................................180

7. Experiments of prototype in real conditions .............................187

8. Conclusions .......................................................................................189

Chapter 9 Estimation of Solar Energy Influx to the Sea in the Light of Fast

Satellite Technique Development.......................................................192

1. Introduction........................................................................................192

2. Solar radiation...................................................................................193

3. Model .................................................................................................195

4. Satellite sources of input data ......................................................201

5. Conclusion .........................................................................................210

Chapter 10 Development of a Broadband and Squint-Free Ku-Band Phased

Array Antenna System for Airborne Satellite

Communications......................................................................................219

1. Introduction........................................................................................219

2. Antenna specifications......................................................................220

3. Optical beamforming........................................................................222

4. Phased array antenna system design ..........................................226

5. Components development...............................................................233

6. Photonic integration scheme...........................................................244

7. Conclusions........................................................................................245

8. Acknowledgment..............................................................................245

Citation......................................................................................................249

Index...........................................................................................................251

About Author

Brie Stinton pursued her Ph.D. in Earth Science from Technological University, Marseille. Her primary areas of scholarly and research interests lie in the fields of geospatial positioning, satellite constellation and global positioning systems. She is serving as a Research Associate at Technical Institute, Dundee. Stinton has authored and edited several texts, which include articles, technical papers and book chapters, in the fields of global positioning systems, positioning calculations and satellite-based augmentation systems. She has presented over 30 papers at international symposiums and conferences.